DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
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Diabetic nephropathy##common.commaListSeparator## chronic kidney disease##common.commaListSeparator## hyperglycemia##common.commaListSeparator## oxidative stress##common.commaListSeparator## fibrosisAnnotatsiya
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. It results from a combination of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and structural changes in the glomeruli, including mesangial expansion and basement membrane thickening. Early detection through biomarkers such as microalbuminuria is crucial for preventing disease progression. Management strategies include tight glycemic and blood pressure control, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and lifestyle modifications. Emerging therapies targeting fibrosis and inflammation show promise in improving renal outcomes. Understanding the pathophysiology and applying comprehensive therapeutic approaches are essential to reduce morbidity, improve quality of life, and prevent ESRD in diabetic patients
